Psy 1010

Psy 110, portions chap 5, 6 & 7M. Dwyer Fall 2009/ Exam #3 Chapter 5 1. What are the four kinds of reinforcers mentioned in your book? Define them and be prepared to give an example of each. POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT IS INFORCE A STIMULI NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT IS TO REMOVE A STIMULI POSITIVE PUNISHMENT IS WHEN A TARGITED BEHAVIOUR IS REMOVED BY PRESENTING A STIMULAS shouting at the dog NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT IS WHEN TARGET BEHAVIOUR BY REMOVING A STIMULAS toy removal 2. What are the four schedules of partial reinforcement we discussed? Which produces the highest rate of responding and the most resistance to extinction and why?FIXED INTERVAL reward every 5 mins FIXED RATIO reward every 5 responses VARIABLE INTERVAL an avg. every 3 mins and varied VARIABLE RATIO an avg. every 5 behaviours 3. What is the significance of latent learning and observational learning? How did discovery of these two important types of learning change our definition of psychology? OBERVATIONAL LEARNING learning by l ooking at others by observing LETENT LEARNING learning that is not directly observable 4. Define conditioned taste aversion, instinctual drift, subliminal learning, discovery learning, direct instruction, learning styles.TASTE AVERSION it is when we recognize a taste and in the future we try to avoid it due to its effect to us INSTINCTUAL DRIFT is the tendency of an organism to revert to instinctive behaviors that can interfere with the conditioned response SUBLIMINAL LEARNING sub means below and luminal light it is the theory that states that a person can learn even with little information which if is continuously repeated DISCOVERY LEARNING is when we learn after experiencing something for our self DIRECT INSTRUCTION learning through given instruction e. g. ectures not experiments LERNING STYLE it the type of style that best fits a individual Chapter 6 5. When we have a memory of an event it is a reconstruction of the event. Explain what that means. What information goes into our reconstructions of the past? Previous info Trace memories of the event Past experiences Context of the person asking the question 6. What are the functions, span(capacity), and duration of each of the three types of memory processes? Sensory memory Short term memory Long term memory 7. What happens in sensory store? What does it mean when we say that these processes are preattentive?PREATTENTIVE –SO FAST WE DON’T KNOW WE ARE DOING IT IMAGE IS CREATEDLD WE SCAN IMAGE AND PICK UP INFORMATION THAT WE WANT FOR FURTHER ANALYSIS 8. The three types of processes that go on in short term memory (working memory) are.. I listed them .. beginning with the match-mismatch identification of incoming information, maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal—be able to give a number of examples of the latter†¦ GATHER INFO REHERCE INFO REHERCE IT TILL IT IS STORED IN LONG TERM MEMORY 9. What are proactive and retroactive interference? Be able to give examples.RETRO ACTIVE ability to recall something that you have learned in the past after lerning something new PROACTIVE ability to learn second lesson after learning the both lessons 10. Be able to name and give examples of all the different types of long term memory. SEMANTIC OUR KNOWLOGE ABOUT FACTS FO THE WORLD EPISODIC RECOLLECTION OF EVENTS OF OUR LIVES EXPLICIT MEMORIES WE RECALL INTENTIONALLY AND WHICH WE HAVE CONSTANT AWARENESS IMPLICIT MEMORIES FOR HOW WE DO THINGS PROCEDURAL ABILITY TO IDENTIFY A STIMULAS MORE EASILY OR QUICKLY AFTER WE ENCOUNTER SIMILAR STIMULI 11.Define encoding, storage and retrieval. ENCODING IS THE PROCESS OF GETTING INFORMATION INTO OUR MEMORY BANKS STORING IS THE PROCES OF KEEPING INFORMATION IN OUR MEMORY REVIVAL IS THE REACTIVATION OR RECONSTRUCTION OF EVENTS FROM OUR MEMORY STORAGE 12. What are the different forms of retrieval? Be able to identify one of each in the items on your test.. RECALL – IF U TRULY LEARN IT RECOGNITION- MULTI CHOICE SKETCHY INDERSTAN DING 13. What are the three ways in which the concept of â€Å"specificity of cues† apply to memory retrieval. RELEARN -REAQUIRING KNOWLOGE THAT WE PRVIOUSLYLEARNED BUT FORGOTTEN OVER TIME RECALL-GENERATING PREVIOUSLY GENERATED INFORMATION RECOGNISATION- SELECTIONG INFO FROM ARRY OF INFO THAT WE HAVE PREVIOUSLY LEARNED 14. What do we mean by levels of processing? MARE DEEP REPETITION PROCESS MARE BRAIN MARE 15. What are semantic networks, lexicons, and schemas? (define them). 16. Name five study tips that would improve student test performance. 20 MIN BREAK LONG TERM NO CRAMMING SAME STATE SIT IN SAM SEAT 17. How do we distinguish between false memories or true memories? MORE REHERSAL CONSIDER THE PROBE DISTINCT BW BIAS Chapter 7: 18. What is language?Define it and be able to discuss its basic components. PATTERN OF SIGNALS GENERATIVE AND IS COMPLECATED SYMBOLS WORDS GESTURES RULE BOUND ENCODING AND DECODING IT IS ARBITUARY 19. What are the early stages of language developmen t? The early stages comprise of babbling in children where they utter parts of words which they cannot pronounce but as the early stages pass gradually the child starts to utter words in a more meaning full pattern and the later on in life they interpret words give them meanings this type of behavior is coved in behaviorism where learning is done by observing. 0. Define phonemes, morphemes, babbling, syntax (Of surface and prescriptive grammar, which of these two is taught to us by our elementary and high school teachers? ) Phonemes is the smallest unit of sound Morphemes are composed of phonemes and a number of them to create meaning Babbling is the experimentation of noise making by the child trying to speak making vovel sound 21. Familiarize yourself with and be able to critiques the four theories of language development covered in your book.

Course Notes

Can organic farmers produce enough food to feed the world? Discuss this question commenting on the place of organic farming in sustainable food systems In order for organic farming to produce enough food for the world In a sustainable system, Limiting factors to production In the organic system need to be overcome. Through yields outputs to primarily disease control and fertilizers, this method of farming could solve global hunger and world starvation, giving us aOn the other hand, conventional agricultural production systems are not necessarily sustainable-perhaps we need a compromise. Continual cropping and grazing, together with over use of herbicides, Insecticides and fertilizers are Inarguably damaging to the environment and the web of life. There has often been a proposal that Northern Australia could become the food bowl of Australia. The argument against this Is often that disease and pest control In the Northern climates is a major Limiting factor to production.Extrapolating this to a world situation, I don't believe organic farming on a world scale could achieve the production levels required to feed the escalating population. Without conventional inputs, which are not always organically friendly, I cannot see adequate production to feed the world. Perhaps in to the future this can be achieved. As dad just pointed out-in the North of Australia, and this would be in other matching arid countries of the world, animal production, is relatively easily to be organically certified because they don't need to use drench, fertilizers etc-only some feed supplements which could be organic.The problem areas are the more tropical areas where disease and pest control are more difficult in an organic plant production system. -produce food of optimum quality and quantity using sustainable farming practices -produced in over 130 countries -represent fastest growing food sector worldwide -market analyst forecast annual growth rates between 10-30% around the world -basi s is -healthy, biologically active soil -enhance and maintain Course Notes The focus of Case 4 is how poor communication can effect an organization. Communication is essential to the survival of any organization. A lack of effective communication will result in little to no coordination and cooperation, resulting in decreased performance. In assessing Strayhorn’s communication effectiveness, one can see the negative impacts EI experienced because of his approach. Two of the biggest factors dampened by his style were morale and productivity. In addition, failure to address rumors circulating in the grapevine increased anxiety, stress, and crises among employees.With EI’s contract with Ocean Point coming to an end, the big question for EI employees was whether or not the contract would be renewed. Mr. Strayhorn failed to directly address the situation. It seems as though Strayhorn was more concerned with saving-face than the needs of his employees. One can then reason employees developed mistrust in management because of their lack of informatio n. This in turn caused many employees to develop personal barriers in the form of psychological distance. The lack of proper open and downward communication led employees to utilize the grapevine.From the case, one can easily see the grapevine was a product of the situation EI faced. One can also reason the desire for information and insecurity were additional factors that encouraged employees to become part of the grapevine. Unfortunately in this case rumors began to circulate through the grapevine. Since each employee possessed interest and ambiguity with the situation, it is easy to see why rumors formed. Consequently the accepted rumor was Ocean Point would not renew EI’s contract and EI employees would not be eligible for hire with Ocean Point.Although this was not factual, the rumor caused dramatic increases in stress, anxiety, and crises among EI employees. In addition, Strayhorn failed to recognize how the rumors would affect organizational culture. The uncertainty in the situation caused the organizational culture to become unstable. Since the causes of the rumors were not removed, Strayhorn should have addressed employees with a face-to-face to attempt to control the rumors. However, Strayhorn’s lack of action suggests he had little concern with restoring social equilibrium.By failing to effectively communicate, provide insufficient information, control rumors, and restore social equilibrium, Strayhorn caused employee morale and productivity to dramatically decrease. Evidence of these dysfunctional effects can be seen through the fact that potential sales were reaching their peak while actual sales were declining. If Strayhorn would have openly communicated EI’s problems and disclosed management’s efforts to get the contract renewed, he would have also conveyed his concern for employee needs.The employees would have most likely responded positively because the elements of trust would still be present. However, as this was not the case Strayhorn should have realized EI’s environment had changed and adapted his results-oriented approach accordingly. In this situation the system model would have been appropriate for a few reasons. First the basis of the system model is trust and community. Although failing to communicate developed mistrust, by showing sincere care and compassion for each employee Strayhorn could have reestablished trust.Secondly, this model could have allowed positive organizational behavior to grow, which would in turn have boosted morale. In conjunction with the system model, Strayhorn could have strived to achieve a fun work environment to aide in combating the stress stemming from uncertainty. By combining these methods and theories, EI could have increased actual sales and its chances of contract renewal. However, because of their lack of profitability Ocean Point may now be unwilling to do so.

A View from the Bridge Essay Example for Free (#27)

A View from the Bridge Essay ? Eddie Carbone, the protagonist of the play, is in many ways a tragic hero and like all tragic heroes has a fatal flaw. Eddie’s harmatia is his incestuous feelings for Catherine. Arthur Miller has used the character of Eddie as an everyman perhaps to show that any person can make mistakes with ones feelings. Through the character of Eddie we witness the downfall of a decent man who loses control of his actions.  In the early stages of the play, we see Eddie over protective of Catherine but possibly in a paternal way when he says ‘I don’t like the looks they’re giving you†¦heads are turning like windmills’ although it is quite normal for a father to protect his daughter Eddie’s problem is really with how the men are looking at Catherine rather than her well beings. The reader is also made aware that Eddie has made a lot of sacrifices for Catherine ‘I took out my own mouth to give it to her’ clearly when it comes to his family Eddie puts other people before himself this is also evident as he allows Marco and Rodolfo, people he has never met before, to stay illegally at his home. Later in the play there are clues about his true feelings for example when Catherine lights Eddie’s cigar she does it eagerly saying ‘here! I’ll light it for you’ the cigar is a phallic image and hints Eddie’s subconscious desire for Catherine as it gives him unusual pleasure. Eddie is unaware of his attraction to Catherine so his feelings are manifested in hatred towards Marco and Rodolfo. Eddie’s dislike for Rodolfo is displayed almost immediately after they arrive as ‘he is coming more and more addressed to Marco only’ this suggests that Eddie has no intentions of getting to know Rodolfo as he feels threatened by him. Miller builds up the aggressive nature of Eddie’s behaviour and also how quickly he establishes how volatile he can be. In the middle of Rodolfo’s song the playwright shows us how unsettled Eddie is when the stage directions indicate that ‘Eddie rises and moves upstage’. When he interrupts Rodolfo he is very sharp. At no point does he use his name but instead calls him ‘kid’. Superficially it seems he is preventing him from singing for his own safety but already the reader is aware that there is something more bubbling under the surface, especially when Miller tells us that Eddie’s face is ‘puffed with trouble’. The shocking actions of Eddie when he kisses both Catherine and Rodolfo shows further evidence of their love for one another as Catherine screams ‘Eddie! Let go, ya hear me! I’ll kill you! Leggo of him’ here we can see that the love between Catherine and Rodolfo is much stronger than that of Eddie and Beatrice, and how it is taking over from Catherine’s affection for Eddie. At the beginning of ‘A View from the Bridge’ Eddie and Beatrice are presented as having a loving and close relationship. It is when in Act 4 Eddie is waiting for outside his apartment for Catherine and Rodolfo to arrive home that Beatrice is blunt with him and says ‘when am I gonna be a wife again, Eddie’ it shows us she doesn’t feel like his wife because he is distracted by Catherine, it also suggests they don’t sleep together as husband and wife. Beatrice is a good woman and a good wife. She tries to warn Eddie against his feelings for Catherine but it shows us that he can’t do anything about them so therefore is basically doomed. At the end, there is reconciliation between Eddie and B when they come together and share their love with Eddie’s dying words ‘Then why – Oh, B!’ this is Eddies eventual realisation of his love for B. Eddie’s betrayal not only comes a shock to the audience but is incredibly ironic as in his previous dialogue Eddie retold the story of Vinny Bolzano and said to Catherine ‘ you think I’m blowing steam here’ this shows that Eddie thinks its unimaginable for someone to betray their own family. He gives his opinion and says ‘Him? You’ll never see him no more a guy do a thing like that? How’s he gonna show his face? Here Eddie is disgusted even by the consideration of telling on a fellow Italian. It also shows that he feels strongly about the ‘Italian law’ which makes it more surprising when he goes against it as it suggests that his incestuous feelings for Catherine turned him into a complete different person. Miller presents Eddie as a respectable image in the community, a husband and a guardian. Eddie feeling as a jealous lover leads him into conflict with his community. He placed his desires above family responsibilities. His respect and honour meant everything for him , but he was blinded by his love for Catherine, so everything else was forgotten. Eddie dies for, not that of the community values but for his own pride. A View from the Bridge. (2017, Oct 23).

SWOT RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

SWOT AND ANALYSIS - Research Paper Example Student support has also been witnessed in various programs which have been introduced (UCI, 2015b). This is not only through the interest that the learners have in the programs but also in terms of financial support when the institutions need to come up with the required infrastructure (CSUSTAN, 2013). The major flaw is lack of required facilities. Being a fresh initiative, new infrastructure and facilities need to be put in place. Universities at times lack some of the needed equipment for the success of new programs (Senior Editorial Board, 2014; CEP, 2015). Fiscal uncertainty is another problem. Others include inability to hire and retain new staff, bureaucracy in the university operational structures, limited resources for research and development, lack of support and pervasive presence of the outside community. The presence and support of the external community is needed since the course entails exploring regional water usage in the state (California State University San Marcos, 2015). In additional to these, the highly competitive market for diverse faculty and the lack of pride from the internal community are considered among the

English Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

English - Research Paper Example on that was made during the research was that all the included companies were already optimizing their profits, and that was the reason Google Company collected data from these companies. The entire report covered practices that could lead the company to realize its optimal profits as well as the practices deemed to deny the company its optimal results. The study did not cover the rival companies’ aftermaths of realizing their optimal results since the research was only focused on the Google Company. The limitations encountered were mobility from one company to another. Also, some companies were not willing to share some of the information that we needed and, therefore, much time was used while trying to convince the managers the need for the study. To guide us in the study, we researched on some similar studies that have been done in the past. According to Schoeffler et al, (2014), companies’ management teams have to ensure that they offer the best environment to their employees for optimal profits. Another study conducted by Watson (2013) stated that it is the role of both the senior and junior employees to ensure that the company reaches its optimal production levels. Also, Reichheld and Sasser (2010) wrote that both internal and external factors affect the productivity of any given company. As such, we realized that a company’s productivity is affected by many forces that the company has to be aware of. Yield optimization- this method was found only to work well for the advertising department. Compared to other companies, Google Company has relaxed on using this method and, therefore, this is one of the causes of the company’s low profits. Revenue optimization- in this section, Google Company has managed to improve its relationships with its customers basing on its segmentations. Thus, the company management has dealt with the varying segmentations as required. Also, in the offensive manner, the company has increased its sales by creating new

Transportation through the various parts of the Denver metropolitan Term Paper

Transportation through the various parts of the Denver metropolitan area - Term Paper Example After this point we were Pecos working our way onto West 56th towards Federal back onto Pecos via I-76 and followed this route all the way to West 106th where we turned around at North Glen marketplace and went back to where I started. In the interest of full disclosure I perhaps did not choose the best time to ride Denver’s Public Transit because my journey was largely during Rush hour and it was quite dark. At the beginning of my journey on 15th street one notces that the streets were eerily empty of pedestrians and some of the buildings are quite tall. Along this street the buildings are also separated by several paring lots above ground and traditional. All one sees for several blocks was empty streets and parking lots.The next major sight that we passed was Coors Field on 20th Street. Baseball season is over and the road is sided by two large concrete walls which gave a very unpleasant feeling. The next major transition was onto Navajo Street with its small house. Without question this region is distinctly residential but passes by the occasional tavern, Church or auto body shop. I remember seeing a small altercation by a bar I think was called the ‘Arabian Bar’. Aother sight that soood out in my mind was the ‘Bug Theatre’ Which had a large group of people outside of it although I could not tell of there was anything go on that evening. The bus eventually turning onto Pecos street where there were vast empty fields and huge houses or gigantic industrial park type buildings and mega parking lots with big box stores which then transitioned back into a largely empty residential area. It was a strange transition from tightly packed inner city to a more casual residential area and then finally into such an open area only to turn around and repeat the process. Although it was the case that I hardly saw any people outside of the inner city and the residential area for some reason being in the rural area on Pecos

Oprtions Mngement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Oprtions Mngement - Essay Example The contribution of n opertions strtegy is lso outlined s prt of hierrchy of strtegies tht we might find in ech firm. It gives n insight into wht is exctly n opertions strtegy nd wht re its components, how esy is it to implement such strtegy nd wht cn n orgnistion expect from it. Bsiclly, the pper discusses the question of diversity of tsks tht opertions mngement incorportes nd tht these tsks should be combined to rech the potentil of opertions executed. Opertions mngement hs its origins in the study of 'production' or 'mnufcturing mngement'. (Pine, Boynton, 2003) These terms still very much pply to mnufcturing orgnistions tht will hve distinct opertionl ctivities tht convert sy, bens nd rich tomto suce into cns of bked bens to be sold by retiler. Thus, we cn initilly think of opertions mngement s being prt of distinct function producing product nd service combintion, just s we hve mrketing nd ccounting functions in mny orgnistions. The first definition of opertions mngement is therefore: Every orgnistion tht offers goods or services hs n opertions ctivity. s fr s the orgnistion structure is concerned, some firms will hve discrete opertions function. This might be clled mnufcturing deprtment, n opertions system, or hve no identifible nme t ll. However, like mrketing nd ccounting, it is fundmentl function of the firm with professionlly trined opertions or production mngers responsible for conversion of resources into the required product nd service combintions. In some orgnistions such mngers will hve different titles, store mnger for retiler, dministrtive mngers within hospitl or distribution mngers in logistics compny. This first definition tends to be rther nrrow s it pplies to core conversion processes (mostly mnufcturing). We need therefore to widen the definition of opertions mngement to second level: The design, opertion nd improvement of the internl nd externl systems, resources nd technologies tht crete

Vulnerable Population in the workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Vulnerable Population in the workplace - Essay Example On the other hand, in their service delivery, psychiatrist nurses experiences some barriers which hinder their services delivery to Alzheimer’s diseases patients. The available barriers in mental healthcare settings magnifies the disorder complications to patients, it hinders access to nurses and other mental health specialists by most patients, increases overreliance on caregivers for assistance and transport, over dependant on entitlement initiatives as well as increasing cognitive impairment (Lyketsos, Toone and Tschanz, 2010). The essay below will focus on the barriers encountered by psychiatrist nurses in their daily activities in psychiatric hospital. The essay will also offer some strategies to decrease or if possible eliminate these barriers. To start with, structural barriers constitute the main hindrance to psychiatric nurses’ quality service delivery. Structural setbacks in most cases influence nurses’ ability to efficiently diagnoses and treat neurops ychiatric complications brought about by Alzheimer’s diseases. Some of the main structural barriers that hamper with service delivery among psychiatric nurses include lack of the required psychiatric and geriatric skills and training as well as inadequate number of trained neuropsychologist and psychiatrist in healthcare systems. The structural barriers are in most cases known to compromise and complicate the care and treatment of Alzheimer’s diseases. Structural barriers in hospital setting have also amplified the burden in families that provide home care services to vulnerable and elderly patients in (Lyketsos, Toone and Tschanz, 2010). Secondly, lack of adequate time, resources, treatment options, and nurses’ abilities to offer comprehensive care to patients has significant negative impact to nurses’ service delivery in mental healthcare systems. The health care system has very limited trained and qualified professionals in psychiatry and referral serv ices. Limited access to qualified psychiatrist nurses and practitioners means that, the available nurses are forced to offer medical care to complicated disorders which are beyond their professional training. Lack of adequate qualified practitioners has also lowered greatly the quality of services offered to patients in healthcare systems. Additionally, patients care is compromised by healthcare setbacks presented in offering the required treatment. Delays in offering apposite services are brought about by inadequate mental healthcare centers which led to delayed access to mental health services. Owing to inadequate number of trained psychiatrists, nurse in most cases are left with no option rather than to offer care to patient before consultation with mental specialist. Other nurses are forced to delay their services to patient which results to complication of the problem (Lyketsos, Toone and Tschanz, 2010). Due to limited available treatment services, nurses also experience brunt of families’ worries and frustration concerning poor services offered by inexperienced practitioners. Limited referral services to intricate disorders have also complicated access to quality services among severely infected patients. Moreover, family perception towards Alzheimer’s diseases symptoms also complicates nurses’ efforts to offer care to Alzheimer’s diseases patients. Access to referral services for medical assistance is extremely a complicated process especially for low income

Dctionary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dctionary - Essay Example One of the more distinguishing features of the word flourish as entered in both dictionaries, Encarta Concise English Dictionary 2001 and The Chambers Dictionary 1998 is the phonetic system used as a pronunciation guide. Encarta employs its own phonetic alphabet, as the pronunciation is clearly not comparable to the International Phonetic Alphabet symbols. The same could be said about the entry of the pronunciation of the word 'flourish' in the Chambers Dictionary. Both pronunciation symbols incorporated the accent sign found above the second syllable of the word. In the vocabulary section, both dictionaries enter the word once in bold fonts except that Encarta enters short definitions of the word in bold face provided with numbering but separated according to parts of speech, and for this entry, Encarta begins with the meaning of the word flourish as a verb which is numbered one to three, followed by five noun definitions, numbered one to five. Chambers dictionary also separated the definitions according to parts of speech, which include the word as a verb and then, noun but added an adjective definition as additional grammatical information.

Early childhood education Essay Example for Free

Early childhood education Essay Friedrich Wilhelm August Froebel (1782-1852) was a German educator born in Oberweisbach. He is known as the founder of â€Å"Kindergarten† and was one of the most influential educational reformers of the 19th century. Froebel had a difficult childhood. His mother died when he was still young, and his father, a pastor, and stepmother neglected to care for him. Finally, an uncle took over his care and ensured that he receive a high school education. It was there that young Froebel grew up with a love for nature and strong Christian faith, which led him to seek happiness and unity in all things. Froebel’s faith also led him to think as an educationalist. Froebel studied at the University of Jena for a short time. In 1805, while studying architecture in Frankfurt, he was persuaded to become a teacher by the model school at Frankfurt. He then studied with Pestalozzi at Yverdon, before returning to the University of Gottigen and Berlin in Germany. Froebel believed that there was something missing in Pestalozzi’s theory- the ‘spiritual mechanism’. According to Froebel, this was the basis of early childhood education. â€Å"Pestalozzi takes man existing only in appearance on earth,† he said, â€Å"but I take man in his eternal being, in his eternal existence. † (Shapiro, 1983, p. 20. ) Froebel took a break from studying to join the army for a year from 1813-1814. Afterwards, he received a position at the mineralogical museum in the University of Berlin. Two years later, he founded a school at Greisheim (which later mover to Keilau) which he called the Universal German Educational Institute. It was there that he taught his methods to other teachers. Froebel opened the first Kindergarten in the year of 1837 in Bad Blankenburg. Later, he also founded a Kindergarten training school at Liebenstein. Froebel felt that children, like plants in a garden, need to be cared for and shielded from outside influences. Froeble believed that children need to imitate a teacher’s values and morals. Therefore, teachers need to be respected, receptive, and easily approachable. Among Froebel’s subordinates, however, there were constant disputes, which he was unable to control. He encountered more problems when the Prussian government did not approve of his ideas. In 1851, an edict was issued, which forbade the establishment of Kindergartens. This decree was repealed almost 10 years later- in 1860. Froebel was not alive at that time and had no idea of the impact he left on the school system worldwide, and especially in the United States. The philosophers of his times, Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762-1814) and Friedrich Wilhelm Schelling (1775-1854), also influenced Froebel’s educational ideas. He placed an emphasis on self-activity, physical training, and pleasant surroundings in the development of children. His most important work was the book he wrote in 1826 called Menschenerziehung (tr. The Education of Man, 1877). References: Lilley, Irene M. , (1967). Friedrich Froebel: A Selection from His Writings. Kilpatrick, William H. , (1916). Froebels Kindergarten Principles Critically Examined. Retrieved from http://www. uv. es/EBRIT/micro/micro_221_12. html Froebel, Friedrich. (1896). The Education of Man, trans. W. H. Hailman. New York: Appleton. Retrieved from http://www. answers. com/topic/friedrich-wilhelm-august-fr-bel.

Study In Abroad

Study In Abroad In order to acquire more knowledge and expand their own mind, more and more students decide to study abroad. There are more students from around the world travel to study in western countries. â€Å" In 1995 fewer than 100,000 non-EU students, 2001/2 just over 150,000 non-EU students,2004 almost 195,000 non-EU students †(HESAï ¼Å'2005) Many researchers made some surmises for the number of students who will travel to study abroad. â€Å"The British Council predicts 677,000 students will travel to the UK to study by 2015 and 1,330,000 by 2025† (British Council, 2005). Among the students who are travelling to study abroad, the biggest percentage is Chinese students. This reason might be relevant to improving economy of China. â€Å"Chinas recent economic growth signals a change in East Asias distribution of power and draws renewed attention to Chinese foreign policy† (Roy,1994). There are many choices about the countries which students can go to study, such as the United States, Canada, and Australia. However, the best education system which was evaluated by students is western universities, especially in the UK. â€Å"It was evaluated that the education of British is the best over the entire world and also called made in England † (Binsardi Ekwulugo, 2003) First of all, the main point is the reason why more and more students prefer choosing to study abroad. The first reason is the optimal way to learn a language. For example, English has become the most popular language all over the world and more and more people would like to learn English. â€Å"English has got international recognition in practically all branches of learning, firstly, almost all rank does. But some countries do not have a wonderful education about learning English. Therefore, students only have the choice that going to western countries for learning English. It can either provide a good environment to students or remove foreign language barrier for international business. You will get a course like international business when you are studying abroad. (Western Carolina University, 2011) Because foreign language are a tool which is used to communicate with each other when you do business works or activities. The second reason is providing the opportunity to travel. M ost students who are studying abroad will travel in the countries when they are studying in other countries. You will get an opportunity to travel when you are studying abroad. (Western Carolina University, 2011) Because every country has different cultures and views, even there are many particular buildings in west countries; such like Gothic structures. It attracts more and more people to travel there. Different cultural are not only different language, food, appearances and personal habits. These differences are able to expand students knowledge. The third reason is affording an opportunity to make friends who are from around the world. With developing globalization of the economy, making international friends is becoming more and more necessary. Making international friends are benefit to do international business work. (Philip Whitwell Wilson, 1928). Therefore, making international friends is a way for further business work. And also it can assist cultural exchange. It gives th em a chance to make new friends and cultural exchange when students are studying abroad (Campus Snapshots, 2002) The most significant reason is enhancing employment opportunities. In order to succeed and adapt to the rapidly changing workforce, students need to develop a global perspective. (Vaz, 2000) The final purpose of studying abroad is getting a good job in the future. Basically, there are more graduated students in every country than before. Travelling to study in western countries is a way to get a better education and abundant experience. The universities of western countries pay more attention to social experience. There are many good social experiences when students study abroad. (Kate. M, 2011) The students have to taste social life, such as doing a part-time job. They can obtain precious things such as perseverance and bear hardships and stand hard work. The foremost impact for studying abroad is everything would be done by themselves. For example, most students who are travelling to study abroad never or hardly doing housework when they were at home, such as washing the clothes, washing the dishes and cooking. However, they have to do these things when they leave their parents. On the other hand, they would endure many pains both physical and psychological, they are obliged to see a doctor when they get ill and they have to contain their psychology of missing friends and parents. Different people have different mental endurance, which lead to different levels of homesickness. However, the kind of torments is able to try to strengthen their soul. Students have to deal with many problems when they study abroad. They have to learn how to be accustomed to a new environment and how to get along well with the teachers and classmates. During their study, they can acquire some interpersonal skills from universities of western countries. Studying abroad not only impact the mind and body of students who are learning in western universities, but also influence with both their own countries and western countries. Firstly, the students are able to learn some skills from west universities, it can make own countries stronger than before. Developing countries have learned by experience which from west countries, it make them get a new and more powerful skill. (Jorge A, SABATO and JAIRAM RAMESH,1980.) For example, the handicraft industry in Germany is well-known all over the world, therefore, students can choose to study in Germany, which can enhance own countries handicraft industry. It is obvious that automobiles produced by Germany enjoy at top reputation around the world. Secondly, the students can also import some famous brands of western countries when they finish school. â€Å"Several European car brands didnt have the legs in the demanding U.S market. In fact, during the import car explosion in the 1970s and 1980s, many companies packed it in and headed home, including Lancia, Sterling, Fiat, Peugeot and Renault† (Popular Mechanics, 2000) For instance, luxury brand products are rare in some developing countries. Actually, importing luxury brands can stimulate economic growth, as consumption is a means of boosting the economy. Moreover, western universities also can collect many funds from international students, which can enhance the economy of western countries. The costs about studying abroad are greatly expensive, which may be parents savings for many years. Every parent wishes their child to be a winner, so they are willing to pay the costly tuition fee and cost of living in western countries. Parents can pay more money if their children can get a better education (Nicola Woolcock, 2008.)According to the statistic, students should pay more than 30, 000 pounds in UK every year. It is no doubt that most families cannot pay the fee, which is stressful for the parents. The government of western countries should pay close attention to the tuition fee, and carry out some policies for preventing vicious spiral. Because it will make students put away the minds about studying abroad in western universities. Basically, there are three kinds of income which western universities can rely on, such as tuition fees, student accommodation and some examinations and activities. Tuition fees take largest proportion in these sources. Tuition fee in the western universities is twice as much as other countries. For instance, there was a policy which the government in British published that about tuition fee would raise fees to a maximum of  £9,000 a year. (DATABLOG, 2011) There is no doubt that lead to many problems, such as reducing the number of students who are from international, even local students. And the second source is obviously student accommodations. For example, there are many different types of student accommodations which can provide students to choose, such as Abbots bury House, Chesil House, and Corfe House. Different types of student accommodation have different prices. The third source is some examination and activities. The costs of examination are more and more expensive. For instance, IELTS fee (The International English Language Testing System) in China has been increased, from 1450 Yuan to 1850 Yuan. And also there are many activities in western universities, such as intramurals, club teams, group fitness and special events. All activities have to pay some money as based costing. Therefore, the source becomes a kind of income as well. This essay demonstrates the relationship between universities and benefit of the trends which can boost universities to be better. It is possible that western universities can rely on the source of income in the future according to the analysis. First of all, this essay shows that the relationship between the increasing numbers of students who choose to study abroad and the incomes of western universities. â€Å"For example the students study in the UK had increased more than 20% within few years.† (Verbik, 2007) It can be seen that the number of students are sharply growing from the results of statistics. Consequently, the incomes of western countries are also rising because of this reason. And then, there are many reasons which students choose to study abroad. It can be seen that there are many advantages for students who are studying abroad, such as get more knowledge, experience life and foster ones capability and so on. Secondly, the majority of funds are from internation al students particularly Chinese students. â€Å"China is the leading place of origin increasing by 30% to 127,628† (Institute of international education 2010). The phenomenon might due to dramatically booming economy of China. The majority of students who are studying abroad are from rich families, their parents are almost doing business work. So they can pay the exorbitant fee, which can enhance the economy in western countries. According to the above analysis, it is indicated that after ten years, there is more than 50% students who are from non-EU countries. And it is enough to rely on the sources of income for western universities.

Essay on Indifference in Franz Kafkas The Metamorphosis

Killing Indifference in The Metamorphosis    Even before the beginning of the story, each member of the Samsa family in Franz Kafka ¹s Metamorphosis serves a specific purpose. Gregor Samsa, the tragic protagonist of the story, performs his job with routine precision. It is this role as a provider that sustains his relationship to his family. But at the onset of the story, Gregor is inexplicably transformed into a  ³gigantic insect. ² (p.67) In addition to jeopardizing his role in both society and work, this transformation severely effects his relationship with his family. The consequent indifference, alienation, and finally hatred that he elicits from his family is the source of his demise. For without the emotional sustenance and the essential role within the family that Gregor had occupied previous to his metamorphosis, he is not able to sustain life.    Even after Gregor has become an insect, his initial reaction is not one of alarm. Surprisingly, his first response is to devise some sort of plan to secure his job and hence his role in the family. The only call to urgency that interrupts his  ³cool reflection ² is the arrival of the chief clerk (p.73). Accordingly, Gregor laments his fate of  ³being condemned to work for a firm where the smallest omission can give rise to the highest suspicion ² (p.74). It is as if he would most likely entirely overlook his more immediate and pressing condition of being an insect if it did not impede his ability to go to work. Gregor, in fact, finally risks bodily harm only due to the  ³agitation ² he feels over the thought of his parents becoming unsettled by their son ¹s tardiness and the pres... ... ² implores Grete to her father while she is persuading him to exterminate the bug(p.125).    But the damage is already done. The Samsa family ¹s exclusion of Gregor is what causes his demise. Even though the description of his death does involve physical characteristics, it is Gregor ¹s memory of his family that effects him the most. During his final moments, he describes the apple which is embedded in his back as  ²...hardly troubl[ing] him ²(p.127). He then proceeds to  ³[think] of his family with tenderness and love ² (p.127). This thought process represents Gregor ¹s need to be at peace with the family of which he was such an integral part prior to his metamorphosis. For without the love and affection and nurture that Gregor both provided and received, he is forced to succumb to his physical demise.

prom :: essays research papers

Teenagers today are spending more and more money on the extravagance of prom. The article by Jeffery Shaffer claims that high school proms have become an â€Å"exercise in the celebration of extravagance and indulgence.† In this article negative ideas and, inappropriate messages are conveyed to teens. Many of the ideas proposed in this article are eccentric, turning school tradition into competition of unlimited spending. Although the price for prom according to Shaffer has reached â€Å"more than $1,200 per couple† and assumes â€Å"it’s the same or higher†, the price for prom in present years is beginning to near $2,000 a couple. Even with most high school students believing that it is worth it because of the great time they will have and the memories. From personal experience this year my friends as well as I are spending almost $700 on the entire prom event, for just our self’s. This includes everything from dress, shoes, to limo and post prom events. The average high school student does receive financial help from their parent, opposed to in 1925-26 when â€Å"girls were not allowed to borrow money from the office†. Showing the negative side of the expense for prom to teens could discourage them from going and have a great last high school experience. Causing them to later regret in life, such as three of my best friends who decided not to go to their prom last year but instead go to Six Flags. By reading this article teens might decide not to go to their prom thinking they won’t regret it, when most of them will after sitting home while everyone is out. Many people such as Jeffery as well as myself that have â€Å"never been very interested in the party scene† can still have a great time at something that would be filled with such great memories. If teens read something like this they might say to themselves ‘I fit into that category’ and intern miss out on a fun filled night. Prom to most high school students is just an all night event of hanging out with friends and dancing, with an expensive price tag. If teens that feel they fit into a category such as this they should look at it as a night of just hanging out with friends. If they do that such as I did they won’t miss out on their last high school experience, and won’t have any regrets.

We Must Strive to Protect Privacy in Technology Essay -- Argumentative

We Must Strive to Protect Privacy in Technology Technology is getting more and more complex as the years come and go. The availability of personal information is easier to access and the risk of it being tampered with is also high. As the years pass, the threat of privacy invasion gets greater and greater and easier to happen. There are several ways that privacy is able to be invaded and there will only be more to come. Americans have had their personal information given away without even knowing it. From dozens of public and private sources that have created consumer profiles, â€Å"the average American is profiled in up to 150 commercial databases† (Hinds 7). People are trying to â€Å"prohibit collection of personal information on the internet without consumer authorization† (Hinds 9). This is a very difficult thing to have happen, but it is a goal of several people who feel the same way. The amount of technology that is able to raid privacy is growing. â€Å"Every day millions of ordinary people are subject to a variety of technologies that invade their privacy† (Regan 1). Even in ...

Religious Freedom Pre 1700s Essay

America than in England. Of course this is just a brief explanation compared to the real essay. suggest you fill in the blanks with some support from wherever your source is. but for now i have to go write my own because its due tomorrow and its already very late. so good luck on the essay and hope this generally answered your question. Analyze the extent to which religious freedom existed in the British North America colonies prior to 1700. The New World was first established because many people in England did not agree with their religious and political ways of life. Most people in the northern colonieshad run from England due to having no religious freedom. The Puritans, Quakers, andvarious leaders created outbursts of reform to achieve freedom in New England. Each group had their own philosophy on how life should be lived. The Puritans were a group of English men who disagreed with how the Church of England was ran. The damned were allowed to sit with the saints, and the Puritans did not like this. The extreme Puritans were known as Separatists in England. Finally, these extreme Puritans left for the New World in 1620. The Puritans set up a way of government. It said, † the whole purpose of government was to enforce God’s laws. Only the Puritans, the only one’s eligible for church membership, could be freemen. The believers and nonbelievers had to pay taxes on the government–supported church. Jews and Atheists were killed because they did not believe in the divinity of Jesus. Chaotic services were how the Quaker sermons went. He didn’t hold back his comments and demanded very little. In the South most of the colonies were overwhelmed by the Protestants. They were offensive to the religious and political authorities. The Puritans banished her from the Bay Colony. Anne Hutchinson was another rebel who challenged the authority of the Puritan clergy. Roger Williams was a threat to the Puritan leaders. This included converted and non-converted New Englander’s. After many generations, religion was not at the top of the Puritans list. The northern colonies had religious freedom, but the Puritans forced their own religion on everyone else around them. Maryland ultimately guaranteed toleration for all Christians. They set the stage for our religious freedom today. † His followers were very liberal, and not accepted.

Effects of Bilingualism Essay

Introduction The use of mother tongue in learning allows students to learn the lesson quickly. It helps them to read and probably write quickly. (Yolanda Quijano, 1994). The use of the Filipino language in teaching develops lifelong learners who are proficient in the use of their native language and other languages. (Mona Valisino, 2006) Using the mother tongue of a student forms their critical thinking skills, drawing conclusions and making comparisons. (Ocampo, Fajardo, et al, 1990). Filipino was declared as the ‘lingua franca’ because it is the language that is being spoken and understood by majority of the Filipinos, that is why Filipino should be used in education. (Dr. Rosaryo Yu, U.P. SWF) However, the English language is the universal language. It is used commercially and it is also a factor for success in the business world. English is also widely used as reading and instructional materials. Furthermore, it helps individuals to be globally competitive that is why English is used as medium of instruction in schools. (Rebecca Alcantara, et al, 1996) According to the 1986 Philippine constitution, the Philippine educational system implemented the use of bilingualism in all levels of educational institutions in our country. Bilingual education aims to use both English and Filipino as medium of instruction for students to achieve quality education with the help of the collaboration of the two languages. (Tony Rimando, 1994, Manila bulletin) This research aims to know the effects of bilingualism to the academic performance of the fourth year student in Pasig Catholic College. Statement of the Problem Bilingualism is used in schools all over the Philippines as instructed by the Department of Education. One of the schools that implement bilingualism is Pasig Catholic College. In this light, the researchers would like to identify the effect of bilingualism to the academic performance of fourth year students in Pasig Catholic College. This study also aims to answer the following questions: a) What are the advantages of bilingualism to the academic performance of the fourth year high school students in Pasig Catholic College? b) What are the disadvantages of bilingualism to the academic performance of the fourth year high school students in Pasig Catholic College? Significance of the Study The researchers would like this study to help Pasig Catholic College in determining the effects of bilingualism to the academic performance of the fourth year high school students. Specifically, this section will provide a brief description on the several significances of the research about the effects of bilingualism to the academic performance of the fourth year high school students in Pasig Catholic College. This study will be more likely to be significant to the following persons: To students. This study provides evidence to students about the effects of bilingualism to their academic performance. To teachers. This study will aid teachers to have a deeper understanding to the said bilingual education. By this study they can come up with new teaching techniques to offer their students a better education. To future researcher. This study will benefit the future researchers as their guide and reference in making a similar research. Moreover, this study can also open an opportunity to the development of this study. Scope and Delimitation of the study This study will cover the effects of bilingualism to the academic performance of the fourth year high school students of Pasig Catholic College. The researchers will include different procedures and. This study will be done by selected fourth year High School students during the school year 2012-2013. The researcher will gather data using different books, clippings, and websites. They will also conduct a survey to be given to fourth year high school students. This study will be conducted on the school year 2012-2013. Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDY This chapter presents gathered information which has relevance to the study and can serve as reference in understanding the nature of the topic. The following facts and data were collected from different books, encyclopedias, websites, magazines, and other thesis papers. Related Literature Nowadays, majority of the world’s population is bilingual or multilingual than monolingual. This trend also positively affects cognitive abilities of people around the world. Researchers have shown that the bilingual brain can have better attention and task-switching capacities than the monolingual brain. Additionally, bilingualism has positive effects at both ends of the age spectrum: Bilingual children as young as seven months can better adjust to environmental changes, while bilingual seniors can experience less cognitive decline (Marian, V & Spivey, M, 2003). Being bilingual can have different benefits. The improvements in thinking and physical processing determined by bilingual experience may help a bilingual person to better process information in the environment, leading to a richer learning. This kind of improved attention to factor may help explain why bilingual adults learn a third language better than monolingual adults learn a second language (Gollan, T. H., & Acen as, L. A., 2004). Related Study Bilingualism causes misconception to students as well as to the teachers. It is also one of the reasons why students could not speak English fluently. The tendency is that they mix up the two languages which results in â€Å"taglish† words or phrases. Students also encounter difficulty in translating Filipino words to English and vice versa. Studying both languages at the same time causes minimal fluency in either Filipino or English since their focus is not constant in one language. Other students could not express themselves in English because they are used in speaking in Filipino which results in being an uncompetitive student when it comes to English (Madriaga, Nazareno, et al, 2001).

Why Is Strategy Important to Business?

Strategy is determining where you are now, where you want to go, and how to get there. It’s the art of developing and implementing specific actions and decisions that will help a business to achieve goals and objectives as set out by the owners. Through the strategy process the overall direction of the company is set including opportunities and threats in the outside world and the internal strengths and weaknesses of the business. The aim of a business strategy is to ensure that the threats posed by the external environment are minimized and also to strengthen or minimize the effects of internal weaknesses. The opportunities and strengths are combined to ensure maximum productivity is achieved. The more the external environment changes the more opportunities there are likely for a company, but the more threats can be a problem if not prepared for. Without a business strategy, it would be difficult for an owner to realize the opportunities available. Strategic management in contrast with business policy is a technical approach having a five step model. Strategic management is a set of managerial decisions and actions that determine the long run performance of a company. Strategic management does not have to be just a part of the top level management. In fact, organizations should focus on strategic management at all levels of the management and the entire hierarchy of the company should be involved both in planning and implementation phases. Strategic management does not have to be just a part of the top level management. Organizations should focus on strategic management such that all levels of the management and the entire hierarchy of the company should be involved in both planning and implementation phases. The basic theory of strategic management involves the action of creating and implementing plans and decisions for the benefit of the organization and to help it achieve its objectives. Strategic management analyzes and scan the environment therefore future problems and opportunities could be well anticipated, allows a firm’s top management to anticipate changes and provide track and control for the enterprise, provides clear cut mission, also gives vision and objectives of enterprise to all the employees, and allows a firm to take decisions on the basis of long range forecast. Your vision must be future-oriented it has to paint a picture that attracts employees through the use of visual imagery. This is what gets people hooked into buy-ins, followership, and implementation of the plan. So it means you just have to think outside the box of today and describe the world of the future. With the current situation of the economy the fact that some business establishments have stopped their operation and closed has caused big drop in small and large corporations. Having back up plan would be the idea should the original plan does not succeed businessmen could have alternative options or backed up plans for the continuity and success of the business. Since businessmen are knowledgeable of the business processes, they know the importance of having back up plans. Without a contingency plan, and should the original plan fail, businessmen and the business could experience a lot of trouble. The Mission statement is important because it describes the reason for the existence of an organization and what it hopes to achieve. While mission statements vary from organization to organization and represent the distinctness of each one, they all share similar components. Before writing a mission statement, leaders in the organization must have an idea of what is in store for the future. This vision is the foundation for the mission statement. Most statements include descriptions of the organization's target market, the geographic domain, their concern for survival, growth and profitability, the company philosophy, and the organization's desired public image. In addition, it is a tool that conveys the goal, organizational structure and strategy, legitimacy, values, participation and ownership among employees, leadership, responsibility to the community, ethical priorities, and commitment to the public and stakeholders. The organizational decision making process involves proper and efficient implementation of strategic plans and methods to achieve desired business objective. Often one difficulty facing an organization is that multiple divisions are involved in the overall decision making process. Making a decision can have different implications for each respective division. With the businesses of today facing shortened product lifecycles, organizations are facing intense competitive pressures to build market share to stay ahead of rivals. Process changes, the introduction of new and improved disruptive technologies are forcing companies to adapt new business goals and objectives in shortened timeframes, this alone places stresses on all organization. References Karger (1991). Strategic Management: The Key to Corporate Success Pearce II, J.A., & Robinson, Jr., R.B. (2008). Strategic management. (11th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Mission and Vision Statements http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Mar-No/Mission-and-Vision-Statements.html#ixzz1LGZLzvbI

According to Crapo Acculturation Essay

According to Crapo, Acculturation is what happens when members of one culture adopt the beliefs and/or behaviors of another group. Our textbook states †Although both societies may change as a result of prolonged contact, the politically or economically less powerful of the two is likely to experience the most dramatic acculturative changes as they adopt the language and certain other cultural traits of the dominant culture† (Crapo, 2013). My heart felt so heavy when watching this 40 minute film. I could not help but feel a rush of emotions and for what those children and their parents went through. As a mother, I could not imagine someone taking my child from me and shipping them away to a boarding school. Those children were tortured, beat, and worked to death, and the girls were even sexually assaulted. Once the children were released they had no self-worth. They felt like they were unable to fit in amongst society, and most importantly with their tribe. See more: The stages of consumer buying decision process essay The film never mentioned the actual reason the American Government decided to acculturate the Native Americans into Western culture. There could be several reasons they chose to do so. The first one that comes to mind is power. They also may have done this to use them for cheap labor. Another possibility as to why the American Government could have acculturated the Native Americans is because they feared what they were capable of. Acculturating others into another culture is justifiable as long as they aren’t being forced to do so against their own will. When someone is forced into acculturating it effects them badly, in a negative way. Also, it is unfair that individuals are punished for acculturating, especially when it was against their own will to begin with. References Crapo, R. H. (2013). Cultural Anthropology. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education. Givens, S. F. (Producer). (2011). Indian school: Stories of survival [Video]. Lincoln Park, MI: American Indian Services, Inc. Retrieved from the Films On Demand database.

Theimpactsofpopulationgrowthonfoodconsumption Essay

Theimpactsofpopulationgrowthonfoodconsumption - Essay Example Population and Consumption, n.d.). Fundamentally, fertile land and water are the basic essential resources required to produce food; evidently, both these resources are limited on the planet. Growing population bring along growing demands and requirements of people, thereby these resources are under constant pressure. Growing population is not only responsible for putting up a challenge to fulfil the requirements of people but is also challenging to the economic development and environment of the planet. As a result, farmers are expected to produce more food in their limited land and water resources. Thus, population growth as well as pattern of utilization of resources directly influences the environmental changes resulting in loss of biodiversity, pollution, global warming, depletion of ozone layer, deforestation and a serious impact on numerous forest, aquatic and land ecosystems. Thus, growth of human population is modifying nature which in turn brings catastrophic consequences (Web. Population Growth and Consump tion, n.d.). Further than meeting the challenging market demands, global food production is associated with numerous fundamental objectives encompassing societies together with reducing poverty and malnutrition, enhanced accessibility to a healthy diet as well as better allocation and management of fresh water resources, amplification in the use of renewable energy resources, climate protection along with biological diversity and protection of ecosystems. Evidently, an insight into the future perspectives of food and agriculture sector is a major concern of the society as well as the policy makers. To all intents and purposes, capturing the intricate connections between food production and cognitive development adequately, integrated scientific representation based appraisals and evaluations are needed. With the escalating growth of human population it is evident that over the next decade the food demand

Reading Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 18

Reading Response - Essay Example The reading was also in accordance with some of my thoughts regarding some things I encounter in daily. People seem to assume that those living with disabilities have to be helped with everything and in everything they do. Helping them in their tasks can make them feel fewer humans or useless. As a result, I only offer help when it is necessary or when asked to do so. The reading reinforced my experience with deaf persons. For the few deaf people I have met in life, I hardly make any meaningful communication apart from greetings. Communicating with the deaf is problematic because I lack the knowledge and understanding of the sign language. The information presented about mobility impairment relates well with some things I have encountered in life. When I was young, my neighbor had a son who had impaired legs. The boy could not walk and his time at home. In fact, he never got a chance to move out of their home even when he got ill. His parents restricted him to his wheelchair and always spent his time in the house. When my mother would send me to take cards or other valuables to their home, I ensured that I met the boy and checked how he was doing. His parents, however, did not like people near him. Immediately after greetings, they would tell me that is enough and that Mike did not want disturbance. I would, however, see Mike’s need for friends in his eyes. His parents thought it was their mistake for having Mike. They thought having a child with a disability was a taboo and would be laughed at by the community.

What it means to you to be a healer and how you envision yourself in Essay

What it means to you to be a healer and how you envision yourself in this role in the future - Essay Example s advocating for patients, educating patients about their health, organizing staff and helping prioritize busy workloads for effective health care delivery, mentoring students and junior/ incoming nurses, maintaining good and accurate patient records and also making ethical decisions concerning consent and confidentiality. As a nurse, I will support recovery from illness and operations by care plans, carrying out care procedures and assessments and by focusing on the needs of the patient rather than fully looking at the illness or condition. Thus, alongside ensuring continuity of healthcare by always being available to patients, providing a source of comfort, warmth and a much needed listening ear during turmoil is also highly essential in ensuring patients heal faster (Crowley, 1961). I also envision myself giving people preventative treatment and meeting patient needs in the comfort of their houses, thus conveniently avoiding the patient’s unnecessary burden of travels to hospitals for appointments and hospital admissions. Apart from writing a patient’s care plans, implementing plans through tasks such as preparation of patients for operations, wound treatment and monitoring pulse, temperature and blood pressure, I also see myself solemnly engrossed in routine and close observation and recording of patient conditions, checking and administering drugs and injection, setting up drips and blood transfusions, assisting with tests and evaluations while also responding with utmost speed to emergencies. As a future nurse, I also, in order to be an effective healer, will be involved in planning discharges from hospitals and liaising with community nurses, GPs and social workers regarding emerging health conditions and patients in need of assistance. I envision myself providing care to patients in the physical, psychosocial, developmental, cultural and spiritual levels while preserving the patient’s dignity. As already mentioned, communication will form an

The Potential Growth of Tourism in Canada by Hosting FIFA Soccer World Research Paper

The Potential Growth of Tourism in Canada by Hosting FIFA Soccer World Cup - Research Paper Example This paper focuses upon FIFA World Cup as one of the most followed and awaited international soccer event all over the world. The event is able to grab the attention of almost every other person in the globe. The fans of soccer are crazy enough to reach every corner of world in order to watch the event life. This results in growth and development of the sports and leisure industry. Apart from this the country hosting the event can take considerable measures and steps to exploit the event for the economic development. This requires on time decision making and strategies on part of the government of the hosting country, in order to make sure that the tourism industry of the country flourish. Such events do not only have short term influences on the tourism industry of the hosting country, but there are also positive long term implications. The tourists who will visit the country in order to attend the mega event of international soccer will spread positive word of mouth about the count ry and as a result there will be more visitors and tourists in the future. FIFA world cup is perceived to be most popular international event and is mostly followed and watched sports even all over the world. Owing to the high popularity of the event large number of people from all over the world are interested in witnessing all the action of the event in live. As a result, this event results in attracting considerable amount of visitors which in turn contributes in the process of growth and development of the tourism industry in the hosting country. ... Hence, it can be said that mega events like FIFA world cup directly influence the three major components directly related with the tourism industry which are: expenditure, infrastructure investment, and unemployment rate. 1.3. Purpose and Significance of the Research Study: FIFA world cup is perceived to be most popular international event and is mostly followed and watched sports even all over the world. Owing to the high popularity of the event large number of people from all over the world are interested in witnessing all the action of the event in live. As a result, this event results in attracting considerable amount of visitors which in turn contributes in the process of growth and development of the tourism industry in the hosting country. The main purpose behind this research study is to explore the impact of hosting FIFA world cup on the economy and tourism industry of Canada. In this research study, the researcher will present the idea that the government of Canada can expl oit and utilize this opportunity in order to promote and develop the tourism industry of the country. This research study will be significant in term of predicting the potential impact of the mega event on the tourism industry and the officials and concerned authorities can take measures accordingly. This can result in increasing in infrastructure investment and other facilities required in order to meet and fulfill all demands and requirements of the visitors and tourists. 1.4. Aims and Objectives of the Research Study: The basis aim of the research study is to explore and investigate the impact of hosting the FIFA Soccer world cup on the growth and development of the tourism industry of

How to use a Rubber in Mobile Phones Case Study

How to use a Rubber in Mobile Phones - Case Study Example These devices represent one of the most advanced (sophisticated) technologies ever developed by human beings (Karim 2010). Through them people can communicate with each other, surf on the internet, listen to music, watch videos, and play games among other functionalities. The various functionalities of mobile phones are normally enhanced by design and use of a variety of components in their manufacture. In this regard, mobile phones normally consist of several components, and these components are made from a wide variety of materials (Chan 2007). The materials from which mobile phones components are made include plastics, rubber, magnets, paper and metals among others. This paper, therefore, aims at investigating how rubber is currently used in the design and manufacture of mobile phones. The paper also aims at investigating the alternative areas in mobile phone design and construction that rubber can be used. Main parts of mobile phone and their use The main components of mobile pho nes are: battery, SIM card, circuit board, keyboard, speaker and microphone, antenna, software, and Liquid Crystal Display screen (commonly abbreviated as LCD screen) among others (Mueller 2013). Circuit board Circuit board is amongst the most important components of a mobile phone. ... The chips on the circuit board can perform numerous calculations (always millions of calculations) in a single second. The circuit board chips’ calculations are normally performed to decompress or compress voice stream (Harris 2006). Other than chips, another component that is available in the mobile phone circuit board is digital signal processor (commonly abbreviated as DSP) (Mueller 2013). This component is designed to perform operations related to manipulation of digital signals at greater speeds in a single second. Another component that is available in mobile phone circuit board is micro-processor. The microprocessor is responsible for three main functions; these functions are stated below: i. Coordination of all the functions of the mobile phone circuit board. ii. Processes commands as well as control signals related to connecting mobile phone to base station (also known as the cell phone tower). iii. Handles as well as coordinates the functions of display and keyboard. (Mueller 2013) Other components that are associated with mobile phone circuit board are ROM (the read only memory) and chips associated with flash memory. These components are responsible for the running and storage of the mobile phone’s operating system and software applications (Mueller 2013). Mobile phone’s speaker and Microphone Other than the circuit board, speakers and microphones are other important components of mobile phones. It is through the speakers as well as the microphones that communications between individuals are made possible (Harris 2006). Mobile phone microphone is responsible for converting the sound signals to electrical signals. The

Theories of Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Theories of Management - Essay Example Informal networks tend to be personal, voluntary, and have fluid boundaries. Participation in informal networks is not formally governed or officially recognized. Informal personal and social network activities are with organizational members who share, for instance, common social interests and are often used as a means to socialize among colleagues and to participate in activities they enjoy. Organizational issues are often discussed unofficially. (Ibarra, 2003, 58) Both engagement in formal and informal networking activities and career satisfaction can be expected to be dependent on the availability of time. Being scarce of time may diminish the amount of time that employees interact with their coworkers and this can be reflected in their network characteristics. Individually, a network whether it is an acquaintance, business partnerships and the likes is an advantage on the person who has it against a person who has no network at all. A certain network could be utilized for advancement of an individual in dealing instances such as selling of goods, interaction with others and promoting one's self. Knowing these premises, it is very important to build networks.

Introduction to people at work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Introduction to people at work - Essay Example As such, there are factors in this aspect that focus mainly on extrinsic motivation, which is known to be related closely to intrinsic motivation. As a result, there is need to have attention paid to the environment in which I work as an employee following this close-knit relationship, in which offering the right tools for the job to be done should serve as a motivator. This is in addition to presentation of a suitable environment such as lighting and ventilation as depicted by the Maslow hierarchy of needs to eliminate the need for certain things before one can graduate to the next level of productivity (Nader, n.d, p.4). As a result, tools and physical conditions would serve as ate best means of motivation following the need for a highly productive employee. This couples further with making the employer enjoy that which he does as per Taylor’s theory of motivation and this provide perfect motivation to enjoy work (Silver, n.d). In addition, another expectation lies with lead ership and hierarchy, which studies have expressed concerns that strategic management is the best way to go when dealing with new employees and developing a company to success. As a result, the key expectation as per this depends on having positions of power and a distribution of authority throughout the organization such that there is not a single employee in the organization that cannot take responsibility. The implication of this is having a hierarchy of authority as called for amongst those that advocate strategic management, but based on more modern systems of interaction following the questionable nature of traditional strategic management and the role of these managers in the said era (Chakravarthy and Henderson, 2007, p.4). Employers that follow new tested means have more appeal that those who stick to traditional means following the image of dynamism that is depict for both employees and clients. This also serves as a motivating factor, especially in the interactions betwee n managers and employees, in which case I aspire to be a marketing manager, as there is immediate feedback and development of corporate behaviour that is unique to the business model of the organization. Reward systems are also to be looked into keenly as it is this that works to motivate employees significantly coupled with conventional motivators such as meeting all their needs at work. This serves for remuneration and compensation for other works and duties fulfilled outside the normal job description, but for the benefit of the organization. The incentives provided for such performances outside of the normal job description are part of larger scheme to improve performance of workers in the organization, and personally as an employee, I am of the opinion that having a scheme such as this boosts individual performance. In addition, it is crucial for the image of the organization in that it pushes employees to work towards the overall success of the organization and every employee wants to be part of a successful organization, and I am no exception. Other forms of rewards and of utmost importance include remuneration as it plays the role of pay for services rendered, and an attractive pay is part of the package expected from future employers

Alcohol abuse Essay Example for Free

Alcohol abuse Essay National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Gale Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2014. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 21 May 2014. Alcohol Abuse and Addiction. Alcohol and Tobacco: Americas Drugs of Choice. Detroit: Gale, 2006. Information Plus Reference Series. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 21 May 2014. Drunkard Attacks Wife. Family in Society: Essential Primary Sources. Ed. K. Lee Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, and Adrienne Wilmoth Lerner. Detroit: Gale, 2006. 40-42. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 21 May 2014. Alcohol abuse is the habitual misuse of alcohol. As children move from adolescence to young adulthood, they encounter dramatic physical, emotional, and lifestyle changes. Developmental transitions, such as puberty and increasing independence, have been associated with alcohol use. Some, adolescence take a dark turn, especially when underage drinking is involved. â€Å"Everybody is doing it† so they do it too. They drink because they want to change something about their lives , however they increases the risk of academic failure, and can cause suicide and homicide. Research shows that annually about 4,700 people under age 21 die from injuries involving underage drinking. People take drugs mainly for the reasons to fit in , in school, at work, the community , etc. They also do it to escape from reality or relax . Or so they could feel good among their peers at school. Also, they sometimes are curious and ask themselves â€Å" How does it tastes ? † â€Å" How would it affect me? † â€Å" Is it as bad/ good as everyone tells me? † . But the real reason is peer pressure, because many teenagers feel pressured to drink around their friends. Some short-term effects of alcohol are slurred speech, drowsiness, vomiting, headaches, breathing difficulties, decreased perception and coordination , blackouts and anemia . You can get all of these short-term from simply drinking alcohol. But in the other hand ,the long-term effects are unintentional injuries such as car crashes, or drowning. Increased family problems, broken relationships. They often tend to have short temper because they have been drinking to much and don’t tolerate as much things as they used to. They can get alcohol poising for drinking way too much alcohol. High blood pressure , stroke, and other heart- related diseases are also long-term effects . But the ones that caught my eye the most are liver disease, cancer of the mouth and throat, nerve damage, and permanent damage to the brain. In my opinion those are the worst ones that could happen to you, if you drink too much alcohol. Alcohol is linked to 75,000 U. S deaths a year, and shortens the lives of these people by an average of 30 years. Excessive alcohol consumption is the third leading cause of preventable death in the united stated after tobacco use and poor eating and exercise habits. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , estimated that 34,833 died from cirrhosis of the liver, cancer and other diseases linked to drinking too much beer , wine and spirits. Another 40,933 died from car crashes and other mishaps caused by excessive alcohol use. Researchers considered any man who averaged more than two drinks per day or more than four drinks per occasion to be an excessive drinker. For woman it was more than one drink per day or more than three drinks per occasion. Men accounted for 72 percent of the excessive drinking deaths in 2001, and those 21 and younger made up six percent of the death toll. Light or moderate drinking can benefit a person’s health , but heavy drinking increases the risk of high blood pressure , heart disorders, certain cancers and liver disease. Excessive drinkers are also more likely to die in car accidents. The United States aims to cut the rate of alcohol-related driving fatalities to four deaths 1 / 2 per 100,000 people by 2010, a 32 percent drop from 1998. There are many myths of alcohol use including that it improves sexual performance, the fact is that although you may think that drinking makes you better in bed, psychologically alcohol reduces your performance. Another myth is that you can drink and still be under control. That is a lie , drinking impairs your judgment , which increases the likelihood that you will do something you’ll later regret such as having unprotected sex , being involved in date rape, damaging property, or being victimized by others. Furthermore, teenagers often say that drinking isn’t all that dangerous, that is a myth. Reality is that one in three eighteen to twenty four year olds admitted to emergency rooms for serious injuries are intoxicated. And alcohol is also associated with homicides, suicides, and drowning , as mentioned before. But, the most common myth is that beer doesn’t have as much alcohol as hard liquor. Actually , a twelve ounce bottle of beer has the same amount as alcohol as a standard shot of eighty proof liquor (either straight or in a mixed drink ) or five ounces of wine. If you believe you or a friend may be experiencing Alcohol and/or substance problems there is help , it can be challenging but it is treatable. You can contact you’re counselor or you can contact psychological services and they could help you , I suggest do some research on which one is best suitable for you, and which one you feel more comfortable with. I strongly suggest that if you know a person with substance problems , let them know of the alcohol addiction treatment. Alcohol addiction treatment utilizes programs that help individuals who cannot stop drinking on their own understand what causes their alcohol addiction. Once they are knowledgeable about the cause and have the tools to break the cycle of alcohol addiction, they can begin to cope with the normal stresses of life. Alcohol addiction treatment means stepping out of your addicted life and into a supportive , comfortable, environment where you can begin life of sobriety. The drug amp; alcohol addiction treatment program includes expert diagnosis , detoxification, intelligent use of anti-addiction medicines, various neuro and psychotherapies , twelve – step facilitation, family involvement , health and nutrition education, and continuing life care support. POWERED BY TCPDF (WWW. TCPDF. ORG).

Kaleidoscope Strategy Resume Essay Example for Free

Kaleidoscope Strategy Resume Essay Pursuing success can feel like shooting in a landscape of moving targets: Every time you hit one, five more pop up from another direction. We are under constant pressure to do more, get more, be more. But is that really what success is all about? Laura Nash and Howard Stevenson interviewed and surveyed hundreds of professionals to study the assumptions behind the idea of success. They then built a practical framework for a new way of thinking about success—a way that leads to personal and professional fulfillment instead of feelings of anxiety and stress. The authors’ research uncovered four irreducible components of success: 1.- happiness: (feelings of pleasure or contentment about your life); 2.- achievement (accomplishments that compare favorably against similar goals others have strived for); 3.- significance (the sense that you’ve made a positive impact on people you care about); and 4.- legacy (a way to establish your values or accomplishments so as to help others find future success). Unless you hit on all four categories with regularity, any one win will fail to satisfy. People who achieve lasting success, the authors learned, tend to rely on a kaleidoscope strategy to structure their aspirations and activities. This article explains how to build your own kaleidoscope framework. The process can help you determine which tasks you should undertake to fulfill the different components of success and uncover areas where there are holes. It can also help you make better choices about what you spend your time on and the level of energy you put into each activity. According to Nash and Stevenson, successful people who experience real satisfaction achieve it through the deliberate imposition of limits. Cultivating your sense of â€Å"just enough† can help you set reachable goals, tally up more true wins, and enjoy lasting.

Building and Operating IT Systems Challenges

Building and Operating IT Systems Challenges Information management can be described as the collection and management of information from single or multiple sources and the dissemination of that information to one or more listeners. Often this involves people those who have a stake in, or a right to that specific information. Management involves the organization of and control over the structure, processing and delivery of information. The focus of this paper will be on distinguishing between a behavioral and a technical approach to information systems, identifying key management challenges involved in building, operating, and maintaining information systems today, and describing the capabilities of a digital firm. Additionally, I will be describing three types of information systems and explaining the four key enterprise applications for organization-wide process integration. Behavioral and Technical Approach Several viewpoints on information systems illustrate that the study of information systems is a field with multiple disciplines and therefore, no single theory or perspective governs. Generally speaking, the field can be separated into behavioral and technical approaches. The behavioral approach can be broken down even further into sub-categories to include economics, psychology, and sociology. The technical approach can also be broken down into sub-categories to include management science, computer science, and operations research. Behavioral Approach A very important element of the information systems field is involved with behavioral issues that surface in the development and preservation of information systems. Problems like strategic business design, implementation and utilization, and management cannot be fully explored with the models using a technical approach. Behavioral disciplines such as economics, psychology, and sociology can also contribute vital concepts and processes. For example, economists study information systems mainly interested in what impact systems have on cost structures within the business and within its particular market. On the other hand, Psychologists are interested in how human decision makers comprehend and use information. Finally, sociologists study information systems looking for how groups and organizations form the development of systems and also how these different systems affect individuals, groups, and organizations (Information Management, 2010). The behavioral approach does not completely ignore technology. In fact, information systems technology is frequently the reason for a specific behavioral problem or issue. But usually the heart of this approach is not normally geared toward technical solutions. Instead it centers on modification in attitudes, management and organizational policy, and behavior. Technical Approach The technical approach to information systems puts emphasis on mathematically based models to study information systems, in addition to the physical knowledge and abilities of these systems. The disciplines that play a role in the technical approach are computer science, management science, and operations research. Computer science has to do with creating theories of computability, means of computation, and approaches to effective access and storage of data. Management science highlights the growth of models for decision-making and management procedures. Lastly, operations research deals with mathematical methods for optimizing business issues such as inventory control, transportation, and transaction costs (Information Management, 2010). Key Management Challenges Building, operating, and maintaining information systems in todays fast-paced business world can be very challenging. These key management challenges are based on a multitude of problems such as information system investments, strategic business decisions, globalization, information technology infrastructure, and ethics and security. Information System Investment Challenge If managed intelligently, investments in information systems can improve employees lives and a businesss overall performance. For instance, over the past twenty years the Internet has developed form a technical innovation to a personal and business necessity. Some businesss have recognized considerable improvements in processing information by changing from mainframe computing to personal computers connected by local area networks (LAN). The ability of software applications to identify and correlate pertinent data in a data warehouse allows businesses to uncover unidentified financial or physical resource relationships and therefore make available suitable assistance where there had been none. However, along with the ability to enhance lives and organizations, some information system investments can become risky, costly, wasteful mistakes. To overcome these challenges, senior management personnel need to be able to successfully evaluate these investments to ensure the correct return on investment (ROI) (Laudon Laudon, 2006). Strategic Business Challenge You can pick up any management book and you can read about the significance of developing a strategic plan, and ideas about how to both develop and implement your plan. On the other hand, you will also find articles that you imply that strategic planning does not work because it is impossible to develop a long term plan in this ever changing business environment. In my opinion, the truth lies somewhere in between. Strategic planning can definitely help you get prepared on what you need to accomplish over the next years, what things you will need to accomplish those goals, and exactly how to go about accomplishing your goals. The trouble is that the benefits of strategic planning can be easily lost. These plans fail primarily because of what happens after the process of strategic planning. In general, a great effort goes into creating and developing a strategic plan, which is then quickly put away and forgotten, even by the people that created it. The goal of strategic planning lies not only in the development of the plan, but also in its implementation. Implementing the strategic plan will only work if you are clear about what this plan can bring to you and the organization. The strategic plan needs to have value, not only to the organization, but also to the employees. The bottom line is that the plan needs to be used by everybody. A strategic plan needs to be used as a decision-making tool from the top of the organization all the way to the bottom. Chief Executive Officers ought to be able to use it to make decisions on the direction of their business, mergers, or staffing. Managers should also be able to use it to make decisions for the priorities of their departments goals and objectives, and to align the work of their department with the overall goals of organization. Lastly, every employee must be able to use the plan to recognize his or her own goals, and where they fit in big scheme of things. When implemented correctly, a strategic plan helps to add meaning and focus to not only every individual, but the organization as a whole (Information Systems, 2010). Globalization Challenge The globalization of information technology warrants special attention by business executives, government officials and scholastic researchers for a multitude of reasons. First, is that information technology and systems are high-technology industries of considerable size and with significant potential for stimulating economic growth and jobs. The immediate growth in global trade and the surfacing of an international economy require information systems that can sustain both the production and selling of goods and services in many different countries. Second, access to the most up-to-date computer and telecommunications technology is central to competitive success in nearly all industries. Government policies which deliberately or inadvertently retard technological progress in the production and use of computers, information systems and telecommunications have important economic effects. Third, given language barriers, cultural, and political differences among dissimilar countries, th is focus often resulted in confusion and the breakdown of central management controls (Laudon Laudon, 2006). To overcome these challenges, it is imperative for organization to develop global hardware, software, and information systems standards. Additionally, organizations must be able to create global accounting and reporting methods and design worldwide business processes. Information Technology Infrastructure Challenge This particular challenge for businesses deals with how organizations can develop information technology infrastructures that can sustain their goals when business situations are changing at a rapid pace. Aging infrastructure is obviously a huge issue in many industries that only gets bigger as time goes on. Some equipment may have had external upgrades or facelifts, but in most cases, it is over 70 years old. Many organizations are left with expensive and unmanageable IT platforms that cannot readily adapt to innovation and change. Additionally, a competitive business environment and the pressures of the global financial situation weigh increasingly on companies minds (Information Systems, 2010). To battle this challenge, some organizations may be required to redesign its organization and develop a new information technology infrastructure to survive in this competitive business world. Ethics and Security Challenge Organizations must always be cognizant that their information systems are used in both an ethically and socially responsible manner. Although information systems have provided many benefits, they have also created new ethical and security issues that must be addressed. Every improvement in information technology can be tied in with at least one ethical dilemma. From Facebook to ordering merchandise online, computer users are ignorant of the delicate balance between ethical behavior and profits. Businesses, software and hardware developers, and individuals must think about what is ethically correct when using information technology on a daily basis. The primary issues essential to the world of information technology are the individuals expectation of privacy and the providers ethical duty to use its applications responsibly (Information Systems, 2010). The challenges organizations will face will be how to apply high-quality assurance standards to their information systems, as well as to their products and services. Additionally, they will have to develop information systems that are not only secure but that are still easy to use by most individuals. Digital Firms A digital firm can be described as, One in which nearly all of the organizations significant business relationships with customers, suppliers, and employees are digitally enabled and mediate (Laudon Laudon, 2006, p. 11-12). The firms primary business processes are performed through digital networks encompassing the whole organization or connecting several different organizations. A core or primary business process can be defined as the minimum single tasks to be completed to provide a certain level of reliability in output, without any thought to hardware, software, or performance. When a core process is put into practice, anything can be added to make the process more efficient, but nothing can be removed. On the other hand, a business process can be defined as, The set of logically related tasks and behaviors that organizations develop over time to produce specific business results and the unique manner in which these activities are organized and coordinated (Laudon Laudon, 2006, p. 12). Digital firms are extremely powerful because they can sense and react to their ever changing surroundings much faster those traditions organizations. Because of their quick reaction and the fact that they are more adaptable than the traditional firm, digital firms are much more able to endure in unstable times. Because these new firms are completely digital, there exist much more opportunities for them in the global business word. The Internet is quickly becoming the information system infrastructure of preference for electronic commerce. It offers organizations an easy way to connect with other business and individual at an unbelievably low cost. Additionally, it offers a complete and uncomplicated set of technologies and technology standards that can be implemented by any organization. Organizations can use Internet technology to drastically cut their transaction costs, time searching for buyers and sellers, and gathering information on products or services. This information is at the fingertips of anyone with a computer and access to the Internet. One example of a powerful digital firm has to be EBay. Following 2001, there were a high number of dotcom businesses that failed, but there were a few that held their ground, like eBay. The success of eBay is based on its capacity to transform many splintered, predominantly local markets into global ones at a comparatively low cost to its users (Simonsohn, 2010). People have always had a basic need and an appeal in buying and selling used objects and collectibles items. Prior to eBay, people would have tried to sell their unwanted items through family garage sales, classified ads, and flea markets. Nevertheless, the amount of people accessible to sell these items to was limited due to the fact that face-to-face transactions were almost always required. Another great example of a powerful digital firm would be Google. Google isnt just legendary for producing and providing useful services, but it has also acquired a few innovative businesses and integrated them. These include YouTube, Blogger, Picasa and Jaiku. Google used its digital background to take advantage of opportunities in the global business world, making them one of the most powerful businesses to date (Google, 2010). Types of Information Systems For most organizations, there are many different requirements for data or information. Senior managers continually need up-to-date information to help aide in their business decisions. Mid-level managers may need a bit more detailed information to assist them in monitoring and managing a multitude of different business dealings. Lastly, supervisors and employees with operational roles need information in order for them to perform their everyday jobs. Consequently, organizations tend to have a number of information systems operating at the same time. The three I will be discussing are the management information system (MIS), decision-support systems (DSS), and the transaction processing system (TPS). Management Information System A management information system (MIS) management information system (MIS)System used to extract data from a database and compile reports that help managers make routine decisions. obtains data from a database to compose reports, such as detail reports, summary reports, exception reports, and financial statements to assist managers in making better decisions. The different types of reports depend on the specific information a particular manager may require. A MIS is largely involved with internal sources of information. MIS generally receive data from the transaction processing systems (TPS) and reduce it into a sequence of management reports. MIS reports generally are used by mid-level managers and operational supervisors (Laudon Laudon, 2006). Decision-Support Systems A decision support system (DSS)decision support system (DSS)Interactive system that extracts, integrates, and displays data from multiple sources to help managers make nonroutine decisions. is an interactive system that gathers, displays, and combines information from various sources to help managers make non-routine decisions. DSS are explicitly designed to help management make decisions in circumstances where there is doubt about the potential results of those decisions. DSS are made up of tools and procedures to help gather pertinent information and analyze decisions and alternatives. DSS often requires the use of complex spreadsheets and databases to produce what-if models (Laudon Laudon, 2006). Transaction Processing Systems The majority of organizations day-to-day activities are documented and processed by its transaction processing system (TPS)transaction processing system (TPS)Information system used to record and process an organizations daily activities or transactions., which collect input data and changes them into output information meant for a variety of users. Input data are called transactions which are transactionsFinancial and nonfinancial events that affect a businessevents that affect a business. Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) are intended to process everyday transactions accurately and efficiently. A business may have several transaction processing systems to include; billing systems, payroll and tax payments systems, production and purchasing systems, or stock control systems to handle all movements into and out of the organization (Laudon Laudon, 2006). Challenges Posed by Information Systems Although the many different types of information systems are available to an organization and can be extremely beneficial to its growth, there are some management challenges. Some of these challenges include the tension related to designing and building the information systems, the need for training for both management and employees, and the need to establish which information systems is the most critical, therefore which system receives the majority of the funding. For an organization to overcome these challenges they need establish exactly what is needed in terms of information systems. Next, they need to schedule and provide proper training to all company personnel, so they are familiar with the systems. Finally, they need to develop a method of accounting for the cost of the systems and their priority. Key Enterprise Applications Most organizations compete in an rapidly changing, aggressive, global environment. Operating in a global environment forces an organization to concentrate on the most cost-effective implementation of its processes, customer service, and speed at which their products or services are brought to market. To achieve these lofty goals, it is essential that the organization freely exchange useful information across different functions, levels, and business departments. By incorporating all its processes, the organization can more effectively exchange information between departments, customers, and suppliers. The four key enterprise applications are enterprise systems, supply chain management systems, customer relationship management systems, and knowledge management systems. Enterprise Systems Enterprise systems incorporate the vital business processes of an organization into a separate software system. Data from a variety of functional areas are centrally housed and maintained where they can be retrieved and utilized by other functional processes. This alters an organizations work flow. Now information can effortlessly run throughout the organization, increasing synchronization, efficiency, and decision making. Enterprise systems are extremely tricky to employ successfully and once employed, are especially hard to change. Enterprise systems, also known as enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems solve problems by providing a single information system for organization-wide coordination and integration of key business processes (Laudon Laudon, 2006, p. 56). Supply Chain Management Systems Supply chain management (SCM) can be described as an overseeing of resources, information, and finances as they move form supplier to manufacturer to wholesaler to retailer and finally to the consumer. Supply chain management requires managing and integrating the information, goods, and services flow together within and amongst organizations. Supply Chain Management Systems (SCMS) are used to help an organization manage its relationship with suppliers to optimize the planning, sourcing, manufacturing, and delivery of goods and services. SCMS supply information to aide suppliers, purchasing organizations, wholesale distributors, and logistic companies coordinate, schedule, and control business processes for their products and services (Su Yang, 2010). Customer Relationship Management Systems Many businesses make more profit from ongoing relationships with their customers than from the original sale. Customer relationship management (CRM) is a term applied to processes implemented by an organization to handle its contact with its customers. Customer relationship management systems (CRMS) concentrates on the coordination all of the business processes encompassing the organizations with its customers in sales, marketing, customer satisfaction, revenue optimizing services, and customer retention (Laudon Laudon, 2006). In todays highly-competitive business surroundings, the success of an organization relies greatly upon maintaining and exceeding customer expectations for both service and value. Knowledge Management Systems Knowledge management is the specific management of essential knowledge and information acquired by individuals so that it can be is effectively shared and made use of by other personnel in the organization. Through the successful sharing of corporate intellectual assets, Organizational Knowledge must be efficiently changed into business intellect. Personal knowledge concerning a business process must be converted into corporate knowledge ensuring it applied throughout consistently, ensuring maximum benefit to the organization. The main function of a Knowledge Management System (KMS) must be to make information obtainable to all authorized users (Laudon Laudon, 2006). However, implementing a straightforward information management system, file indexing and retrieval system is only the start. Securing corporate knowledge requires more than software and technology, it requires solid document management software and cultural alteration of how information is produced, handled, stored, and distributed.